# STATE OF SOCIAL PROCUREMENTCountry Profile: India Scaling social procurement through legacy models, digital platforms and ESG compliance. **$8 bn** market potential for social enterprises **7M** collectives **60M** MSMEs (20.5% women-owned) **340+** Farmer-owned producers with >10 crore revenues ## Overview India’s economy is fundamentally rooted in a vast network of small businesses and community-led enterprises. Currently, 86% of the nation’s farmers are classified as smallholders. In addition, 7 million collectives comprise 75 million women members across more than 700,000 villages, and over 60 million registered Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Collectively, these entities offer a staggering diversity of products and services, making social procurement a natural extension of existing supply chains. ## Bridging cooperative legacy and corporate procurement India’s social procurement landscape sits at the intersection of a deep cooperative tradition and increasingly formal, risk-managed corporate sourcing systems. While inclusive business models have existed for decades, scaling them into modern supply chains remains uneven. The gap is not about intent or market potential. It is about alignment between corporate procurement expectations and the structural realities of social enterprises and MSMEs operating in a largely informal economy. ### Cooperative models prove inclusive scale is possible India’s cooperative movement established early proof that shared-prosperity models can compete globally. Anand Milk Union Limited illustrates this at scale. AMUL connects more than three million dairy farmers, guarantees fair and transparent pricing, and has built producer-owned institutions that anchor rural incomes. Over time, it has evolved into a globally recognised dairy brand while retaining its cooperative governance and farmer-first economics. The lesson is clear: inclusive ownership and commercial performance are not mutually exclusive. ### Corporates advance cautiously through pilots In today’s corporate context, social procurement rarely starts at scale. Buyers typically begin with small pilots in non-critical categories to test feasibility before committing core spend. These pilots assess supply reliability, quality consistency, compliance readiness, and the ability of social enterprises or MSMEs to manage volumes. Successful pilots can lead to multi-year contracts, but only once suppliers demonstrate process maturity, predictable delivery, and cost competitiveness aligned with mainstream procurement benchmarks. ### Structural gaps limit integration despite strong market potential India’s enterprise ecosystem remains predominantly informal, creating discovery, onboarding, and compliance challenges for large buyers. The country lacks a dedicated legal framework for social enterprises, yet market estimates project purpose-driven, profit-oriented enterprises reaching USD 8 billion (€7 billion) by 2025. The constraint is operational rather than economic. Corporate requirements around scale, reporting, and risk management often outpace supplier capabilities, reinforcing the need for structured enablement pathways and procurement models that reflect supplier-side realities. ## Corporate expectations versus systemic barriers Corporate expectations in India are typically built around the following characteristics: ### Predictability Reliable, high-volume supply and early forecasting capabilities. ### Commercial maturity Competitive pricing with transparent cost structures and adherence to strict timelines. ### Process standards Standardised production and reporting, compliance with environmental, labour, and tax regulations. ## Barriers for social enterprises In contrast, social enterprises face the below systemic constraints. This mismatch underscores the need for structured enablement pathways and procurement models that recognise these supplier-side realities, opening the door for corporate innovation and catalytic philanthropic pilots. ### Capital Friction Working-capital challenges are often driven by 60–90 day payment cycles, which limit the ability to scale without advances. ### Cost realities Higher cost structures often result from commitments to living wages, ethical sourcing, and decentralised or women-led production models. ### Information gaps Limited visibility into buyer forecasts makes it difficult to plan production, optimise inventory, or retain skilled labour. ### Compliance burden Tax, environmental, and labour requirements are often onerous for smaller enterprises that lack dedicated administrative teams. ### Logistical barriers Higher last-mile delivery costs stem from low bargaining power with transport providers and fragmented digital systems that struggle to integrate with corporate procurement platforms. ### Negotiation Power Low leverage often leads to unfavourable contract terms or stringent penalty clauses, while limited access to affordable credit restricts their ability to modernise equipment. # Environment & Context The Indian government has been a critical driver in embedding social responsibility through the CSR law under the Indian Companies Act 2013. This mandates that companies meeting specific financial thresholds spend 2% of their average net profit on social impact. Over the last decade, more than INR 2.2 lakh crore has been spent by over 30,000 companies. These allocations have grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8-10%, with 56% of companies often exceeding the mandated spend.Photo Credit: Frontier Markets, Ajaita Shah An emerging trend is the use of CSR as "catalytic capital" to strengthen the geographies and communities connected to a company's business. The regulatory framework has evolved to allow companies to build the capacities of SEs specifically for integration into their procurement models. Simultaneously, the focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standards and the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) guidelines has propelled social procurement. Corporations are increasingly aligning their strategies with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), shifting expectations from activity-based KPIs toward measurable impact metrics, such as: ### Quantification of carbon savings from low-carbon suppliers. ### Metrics on water-use efficiency, particularly in textiles and agriculture ### Social inclusion metrics, such as the percentage of women-owned suppliers ### Traceability from source to shelf for climate-sensitive value chains # Current State of Social Procurement India’s social procurement landscape is evolving through a powerful combination of progressive policies, digital infrastructure, and growing corporate intent. While public-sector mandates laid the groundwork, corporate supply chains are now accelerating inclusive and sustainable sourcing by embracing new categories, new partners, and new processes.Photo Credit: EssilorLuxottica - EyeMitra Initiative ### Policy Push and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Government programs have expanded access for small suppliers. The Public Procurement Policy for MSEs (2012) mandates that 25% of procurement by central agencies and PSUs must come from MSEs, including 3% specifically for women-led enterprises. This is reinforced by the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), which has onboarded over 9.7 lakh MSMEs and enabled ₹4.19 lakh crore in orders.India’s DPI- including Aadhaar, UPI, and the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC)—has simplified onboarding and payments. Furthermore, the Open Credit Enablement Network (OCEN) is unlocking affordable, data-driven credit for suppliers historically excluded from formal finance, reducing entry barriers and improving discoverability. ### Climate Procurement and Materials Innovation Climate commitments are shaping sourcing decisions. Companies are expanding the use of EV-based logistics and green mobility pilots. Procurement teams are also adopting compostable packaging, such as the early pilots led by Zomato. Simultaneously, new material ecosystems are emerging, exemplified by enterprises like Phool, which develops biomaterials to replace plastics and leather. ### Deepening Engagement in Agriculture In agriculture, over 10,000 Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs) participate in supply chains. ITC’s e-Choupal connects 4 million farmers directly to its supply chain, ensuring fair pricing. Large entities like the Tata Group, Mahindra Group, Godrej Group, and HUL have long-standing models that integrate rural producers, demonstrating that inclusive procurement can exist long before legislative mandates. ### Sector-Specific Inclusion Models In textiles, firms like Arvind Ltd. and Welspun India partner with women-led enterprises and handloom clusters. In renewable energy and construction, Tata Power and Saint-Gobain collaborate with MSMEs and skill underserved communities to build resilient, low-carbon chains. These examples demonstrate how organisational intent enables deep, long-term relationships with inclusive suppliers. ### Place-Based and Campus Procurement Corporates are adopting campus-focused strategies that strengthen local ecosystems. This includes green campus services like waste management, landscaping, and recycling. Companies are also shifting to sustainable office supplies and local food ecosystems, partnering with women’s collectives and FPOs for catering. Corporate gifting has emerged as a high-visibility category where SEs provide handcrafted, upcycled, and ethically sourced products. ### Social and Green Financing (BFSI Sector) Financial players are using social procurement to identify purpose-driven enterprises. Blended finance structures de-risk lending for SEs, while green financing supports EV fleets and waste management solutions. Additionally, BFSI institutions partner with social enterprises as last-mile delivery agents for credit and insurance, building the capital infrastructure required to scale. ### Corporate Social Responsibility as a Catalytic Enabler CSR remains crucial in preparing suppliers for mainstream procurement. Investments focus on capability enhancement for SEs and FPOs, supporting quality audits, compliance certifications, and digital readiness. CSR-funded pilots de-risk early engagements, reducing onboarding friction for procurement teams. ### Structured Processes and Cross-Team Partnerships Many corporates now follow formalised SOPs for SE integration, including pre-onboarding assessments, handholding for GST-related documentation, and time-bound quality improvement plans. This structured enablement reduces friction and improves vendor performance in the early stages. # Outlook The emphasis on ESG compliance and BRSR reporting is paving the way for social procurement to become a mainstream business strategy. To drive this forward, a multi-pronged approach is essential. By bridging the gap between corporate requirements and supplier-side realities, India is poised to turn its vast informal ecosystem into a formal engine of inclusive and sustainable prosperity.Photo Credit: Karo Sambhav, Pranshu Singhal ### Digital Integration Marginalised enterprises (women-led, tribal, etc.) must be onboarded onto digital platforms like ONDC that integrate with corporate systems. ### Credentialing Frameworks Developing simple, co-created quality standards can help SEs meet corporate requirements while codifying global supply chain standards into accessible formats. ### Supply-Side Strengthening This includes capacity-building, aggregation models, and logistics support in sectors like agriculture, textiles, and renewable energy. ### Market-Building Innovations Corporations co-demonstrate procurement from smaller suppliers. A successful example is the Sattva, SAP, and Vrutti corporate gifting initiative, which proved that multiple companies could collectively source from community enterprises to ensure quality and scale. ### Measurement and Evidence A strong emphasis on evidence-building is needed to demonstrate a clear link between social procurement and key outcomes, such as sustainability, economic empowerment, and business growth. ## Regional case studies ## Frequently Asked Questions *Common questions and answers* ### National Partners This country profile has been prepared by Sattva. *Partner organizations and sponsors* Last update was made on 13 January 2026.