The Cartosat series, developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), comprises high-resolution optical Earth observation satellites used for cartographic applications, urban and rural planning, and defence. The series began with Cartosat-1 in 2005, which featured dual panchromatic cameras with 2.5-meter resolution for stereoscopic imaging. Subsequent satellites, such as Cartosat-2, improved resolution to below 1 meter and added agility for targeted imaging. The most advanced, Cartosat-3, launched in 2019, offers a panchromatic resolution of 0.25 meters and multispectral resolution of 1 meter.

Prerequisites:

• Satellite manufacturing capabilities

• Ground segment capabilities

• Secure necessary orbital slots and frequency bands internationally for satellite operations

• Spectrum policy & coordination with telecom regulator; ITU procedures where applicable

• Cybersecurity, data protection, and continuity planning

• Government program authorization & multi‑year budget

• Procurement authority

• Skilled integrator/prime

Cost:

• Ballpark: USD 100–300 M per satellite

• Includes: mission and payload design, satellite bus development, assembly/integration/verification (AIV) and testing facilities, licensing and regulatory approvals, launch and insurance, ground segment setup, operations and maintenance, training and technology transfer

Timeframe:

• Overall: 48–96 mo

• Phase: requirements definition & program setup (12–18 mo), design & development (18–30 mo), assembly, integration & testing (18–30 mo), launch & commissioning (6–12 mo)

Pros:

• Technological Independence - Fosters Technological independence

• Data Non-Dependence - Ensures sovereign access to EO data

Considerations:

• Investment Intensive - The project requires substantial initial investment, posing funding risks

• Timeline - Focusing on domestic development without using foreign technology may prolong the development process.